Guide

Learner’s name:    TINAJERO   RAMOS   GERALDINE   EDUARDO

Group:  6IV03

Date:     february 25th, 2014

Reported Speech

1.- What is reported speech?

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

2.- Uses of reported  speech

Quotation marks show that somebody else's voice is entering your writing. However, when you want to use your own writing voice to report what somebody said, you don't need the quotation marks. Instead, you need to set the other person's words at a distance. This means pushing them away in both time and space.

"I don't understand this punctuation," Gerardo moaned.
Gerardo moaned that he didn't understand that punctuation.

The teacher responded, "Don't worry. It will get easier as you practice."
The teacher told him not to worry and that it would get easier as he practiced.

As the sentences move from direct quotation to indirect reported speech, notice the changes marked in italics. The following rules govern the punctuation and structure changes of reported speech.

3.- features

Reported speech is the form we use to speak about what others tell us. Think about your day with other friends, co-workers and family. It's quite common to tell others what someone else has told you. Here are a few examples:

Jane: Mary told me she was going to the mall this afternoon to buy some clothes. She said she wanted to get a new dress and a few other things.

Peter: Oh, maybe she'll see John. He told me he needed to stop in at computer store to get something fixed.

In this conversation, both Jane and Peter report what their friends have told them about their days. Notice that we commonly use the verbs "say" and "tell" when using the reported speech. However, there are also other reporting verbs used in order to report conversations. Study the examples and rules below to learn how to use the reported speech in everyday conversations. Practice using this form with the reported speech worksheet that provides a quick review and exercise. There's also a reported speech quiz which provides immediate feedback on correct or incorrect answers. Teachers can use this guide on how to teach reported speech for help introducing the reported speech, as well as a reported speech lesson plan and other resources.

Reported speech refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English.

If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original.

For example:

He said the test was difficult.

She said she watched TV every day.

Jack said he came to school every day.

If simple present, present perfect or the future is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained.

For example:

He says the test is difficult.

She has said that she watches TV every day.

Jack will say that he comes to school every day.

If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained.

Bibliography and   References:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech

http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/reported_speech.htm

Direct Speech

What language functions can be reported?

Recent studies have shown how reported speech can work in interaction, giving participants a way of dealing with possible tensions and signalling intended frames. This paper proposes a taxonomy of functions for direct reports of speech (and of writing and thought) in focus group discussions. Reported speech always suggests a shift in frame, and that shift can focus attention on the setting factuality, speaker's position, or the words themselves (or on several of these aspects at once). Reported speech both depicts the experience of the original utterance, and detaches the reported utterance from the reporting speaker; so within each of these categories, reported speech can have a range of functions from an emphasis on direct experience to an emphasis on detachment. Focus groups differ from some comparable group discussions in several ways, but they can serve as a guide to the ways participants in other kinds of group discussions might use reported speech to orient to other members of the group and to the purpose of the discussion.

Direct Speech	→	Reported Speech
Present	→	Past
"I work in Argentina"		He said that he worked in Argentina
"I am doing my job"		He said that he was doing his job
Past	→	Past Perfect
"We saw a good film on TV"		He said they had seen a good film on TV.
"I was dancing with Mary"		He said he had been dancing with Mary
Present Perfect	→	Past Perfect
"I have done this before"		She said that she had done that before
"I have been doing this for two years"		He said that he had been doing that for two years
Future	→	Conditional
"I will visit my mother"		He said that he would visit his mother
"I will be flying to Spain"		He said that he would be flying to Spain
Future Perfect	→	Conditional Perfect
"I will have arrived there by 5 pm"		He said he would have arrived here by 5 pm
"I will have been selling books for two years"		He said that he would have been sellingbooks for two years

What /which reporting verbs do we use to those funtions?

Function and strength	Example verbs
NEUTRAL: verbs used to say what the writer describes in factual terms, demonstrates, refers to, and discusses, and verbs used to explain his/her methodology.	describe, show, reveal, study, demonstate, note, point out, indicate, report, observe, assume, take into consideration, examine, go on to say that, state, believe (unless this is a strong belief), mention, etc.
TENTATIVE: verbs used to say what the writer suggests or speculates on (without being absolutely certain).	suggest, speculate, intimate, hypothesise, moot, imply, propose, recommend, posit the view that, question the view that, postulate, etc.
STRONG: verbs used to say what the writer makes strong arguments and claims for.	argue, claim, emphasise, contend, maintain, assert, theorize, support the view that, deny, negate, refute, reject, challenge, strongly believe that, counter the view/argument that, etc.

Reported Speech With Backshift

Name: Tinajero  Ramos Geraldine  Eduardo

Group: 6IV03

Date:  12/02/14

REPORTED  SPEECH

1.-What is reported speech?

Reported speech is the form we use to speak about what others tell us. Think about your day with other friends, co-workers and family. It's quite common to tell others what someone else has told you. Here are a few examples:

Jane: Mary told me she was going to the mall this afternoon to buy some clothes. She said she wanted to get a new dress and a few other things.

Peter: Oh, maybe she'll see John. He told me he needed to stop in at computer store to get something fixed.

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven't seen Julie”	She said she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I'll see you later”	She said she would see me later.
would*	“I would help, but..”	She said she would help but...
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said she would come later.
should*	“I should call my mother”	She said she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

2.-When do people use Reported speech?

We use reported speech when we want to repeat what someone had previously said.Let's look at the difference between direct speech and reported speech:

Direct Tomie said = 'I am tired.'

Reported Speech = 'Tomie said (that) she was tired.'

In reported speech we need to use the past tense form of the verb. In direct speech the present tense is used. As you can see, in the above sentence 'am' changes to 'was' when we use reported speech.

Statements

If the introductory sentence starts in the present (Susan says), there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech.

Example:
Direct speech: Susan: "I work in an office."
Reported speech: Susan says (that) she works in an office.

2) If the introductory sentence starts in the past (Susan said), there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech. (see: Note)

Example:
Susan: "I work in an office."
Susan said (that) she worked in an office.

Backshift of tenses
from	to
Simple Present	Simple Past
Simple Past	Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
will	would
Progressive forms
am/are/is	was/were
was/were	had been
has been
had been

Backshift of tenses
from	to
Peter: "I work in the garden."	Peter said (that) he worked in the garden.
Peter: "I worked in the garden."	Peter said (that) he had worked in the garden.
Peter: "I have worked in the garden."
Peter: "I had worked in the garden."
Peter: "I will work in the garden."	Peter said (that) he would work in the garden.
Peter: "I can work in the garden."	Peter said (that) he could work in the garden.
Peter: "I may work in the garden."	Peter said (that) he might work in the garden.
Peter: "I would work in the garden." (could, might, should, ought to)	Peter said (that) he would work in the garden. (could, might, should, ought to)
Progressive forms
Peter: "I'm working in the garden."	Peter said (that) he was working in the garden.
Peter: "I was working in the garden."	Peter said (that) he had been working in the garden.
Peter: "I have been working in the garden."
Peter: "I had been working in the garden."

If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.

Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday."
Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.

Shifting/Conversion of expressions of time

this (evening)	that (evening)
today/this day	that day
these (days)	those (days)
now	then
(a week) ago	(a week) before
last weekend	the weekend before / the previous weekend
here	there
next (week)	the following (week)
tomorrow	the next/following day